Pimavanserin alone or in combination for use in the treatment of alzheimer&#39;s disease psychosis

ABSTRACT

Methods for the treatment of Alzheimer&#39;s disease psychosis, or a symptom thereof, comprising administering pimavanserin. Also provided herein are methods for the treatment of delusions and/or hallucinations in a human with dementia comprising administering pimavanserin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Also provided herein are methods for reducing NPI-NH score in a human with Alzheimer&#39;s Disease comprising administering pimavanserin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Also provided herein are methods for reducing agitated behavior or aggressive behavior in a human with dementia comprising administering pimavanserin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

FIELD

Provided herein are methods for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease psychosis (hereafter, “ADP”) which comprise the administration of pimavanserin.

BACKGROUND

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Its clinical features include cognitive dysfunction, memory abnormalities, progressive impairment in activities of daily living (ADL), and a host of behavioral and neuropsychiatric symptoms. (Cummings, N. Eng. J. Med., 2004, vol. 351, 56-67.) While the diagnostic criteria for AD focus mostly on the related cognitive deficits, it is the behavioral and neuropsychiatric symptoms that are most troublesome for caregivers and lead to poor quality of life for patients. (Herrmann & Lanctot, Can. J. Psychiatry, 2007, vol. 52(10), 630-646.) These symptoms include agitation, aggressive behaviors, and psychosis.

There is no proven safe and effective treatment for moderate to severe ADP. Atypical antipsychotics are the only drug class for which there is robust clinical trial evidence for the treatment of ADP, with 18 randomized placebo controlled trials (RCTs) of up to 12 weeks duration. (Ballard et al., Nat. Rev. Neurol, 2009, vol. May 5 (5), 245-255.) Adverse effects related to antipsychotics in the same RCTs included sedation, parkinsonism, gait disturbances, peripheral edema, chest infections, pneumonia, thrombo-embolic events, stroke and death. None of the atypical antipsychotics has a licensed indication for the treatment of ADP. Current atypical antipsychotics are also associated with a statistically significant worsening of cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Additionally agitation is one of the most troublesome dementia symptoms. These verbal and physical behaviors can deviate from social norms and include irrelevant vocalizations, screaming, cursing, restlessness, wandering, strange movements, and handling things inappropriately. Such disruptive behaviors are a major source of stress and is time consuming for caregivers. In addition to psychosis, the detection, management, and treatment of agitation/aggression is important in the care of patients with dementia, such as AD patients.

Pimavanserin is a selective serotonin 5-HT2A inverse agonist. Pimavanserin has been approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease. Methods for the use of Pimavanserin are described in International Patent Publication WO 2004/064738 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,601,740; 7,659,285; 7,713,995; 7,732, 462; 7,994,193 and 8,008,323, the entirety of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Exemplary pharmaceutically acceptable salts of pimavanserin are described in International Patent Publication WO 2008/144326, U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 2006-0111399 and 2010-0305329, and International Patent Application PCT/US2016/42933, the entirety of each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

SUMMARY

Provided herein are methods for improving psychosis, such as hallucinations and delusions, in a patient, comprising administering pimavanserin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the patient, wherein the patient has Alzheimer's Disease.

Provided herein are methods for reducing psychosis, such as hallucinations and delusions, in a patient, comprising administering pimavanserin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the patient, wherein the patient has Alzheimer's Disease.

Also provided herein are methods of treating Alzheimer's disease psychosis in a patient as described above, wherein pimavanserin is administered in alternation or in combination with an anti-Alzheimer' s agent.

Also provided herein are methods for improving sleep in a patient, comprising administering pimavanserin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the patient. In one embodiment, the patient is a possible or probably patient with Alzheimer's Disease. In one embodiment, the improvement of sleep is measured on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory—Nursing Home version (NPI-NH) Sleep/Nighttime Behavior subscale.

In some embodiments of the methods provided, delusions and/or hallucinations in a human with Alzheimer's Disease are treated.

Also provided herein are methods for reducing Neuropsychiatric Inventory—Nursing Home version (NPI-NH) score in a human with Alzheimer's Disease.

Also provided herein are methods for reducing agitated behavior or aggressive behavior in a human with dementia, such as Alzheimer's Disease.

Also provided herein are methods for reducing verbally agitated behavior or verbally aggressive behavior in a human with dementia.

In certain embodiments, the methods above comprise administering pimavanserin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to the human.

In certain embodiments, the human has a baseline score of 6 or greater in the Psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH or has a baseline score of 4 or greater in the Agitation/Aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH.

In certain embodiments, the human has a baseline score of 12 or greater in the Psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH or has a baseline score of 6 or greater in the Agitation/Aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH.

In certain embodiments, the human has a baseline score of 12 or greater in the Psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH.

In certain embodiments, the human has a baseline score of 6 or greater in the Agitation/Aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH.

In certain embodiments, the patient has a baseline score of 12 or greater in the Psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH and has a baseline score of 6 or greater in the Agitation/Aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH.

In certain embodiments, the Psychosis subscale of the NPI-NH is a combination of Delusions (Domain A) and Hallucinations (Domain B).

In certain embodiments, the effect of the treatment is determined by an improved patient score in the NPI-NH.

In certain embodiments, the effect of the agitated behavior and or aggressive behavior is determined by CMAI (Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory) total score.

In certain embodiments, the effect of the treatment is determined by an improved patient score in the NPI-NH of at least 2, at least 3 or at least 4 points as compared to baseline score prior to administering pimavanserin.

In certain embodiments, the effect is determined by an improved patient score at least about 6 weeks from the initial administration of pimavanserin.

In certain embodiments, the effect is determined by an improved patient score about 6 weeks from the initial administration of pimavanserin.

In certain embodiments, the p-value of the improvement is between 0.0001 and 0.05.

In certain embodiments, a tartrate salt of pimavanserin is administered to the human.

In certain embodiments, the tartrate salt of pimavanserin is administered to the human orally.

In certain embodiments, the tartrate salt of pimavanserin is formulated for oral administration.

In certain embodiments, the tartrate salt of pimavanserin in an amount of about 0.001 mg to about 100 mg is administered to the patient.

In certain embodiments, pimavanserin in an amount of about 10 mg is administered to the patient.

In certain embodiments, pimavanserin in an amount of about 20 mg is administered to the patient.

In certain embodiments, the tartrate salt of pimavanserin in an amount of about 20 mg (equivalent to 17 mg pimavanserin) is administered to the patient.

In certain embodiments, the tartrate salt of pimavanserin in an amount of about 40 mg (equivalent to 34 mg pimavanserin) is administered to the patient.

In certain embodiments, the tartrate salt of pimavanserin is administered once, twice, or three times daily.

In certain embodiments, the tartrate salt of pimavanserin is administered once daily.

In certain embodiments, pimavanserin is administered during concomitant administration of an anti-Alzheimer's agent.

In certain embodiments, the anti-Alzheimer's agent is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.

In certain embodiments, the anti-Alzheimer's agent is selected from the group consisting of memantine, rivastigmine, tacrine, donepezil, verubecestat and galantamine.

In certain embodiments, the cognitive status of the human is not impaired.

In certain embodiments, the cognitive status is determined by the Mini-Mental State Examiner (MMSE) score.

In certain embodiments, the methods above further comprise steps of determining an baseline score on the NPI-NH for a human; and identifying a human with a score of 12 or greater in the Psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH prior to administering pimavanserin to the human.

In certain embodiments, the methods further comprise the steps of determining an baseline score on the NPI-NH for a human; and identifying a human with a score of 6 or greater in the Agitation/Aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH prior to administering pimavanserin to the human.

Further aspects provided herein can be described according to the itemized list of embodiments below:

Item 1. A method for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease psychosis (hereafter, “ADP”) comprising administrating pimavanserin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a patient, wherein the patient has Alzheimer's disease.

Item 2. A method for the treatment of hallucinations and/or delusions in a patient having Alzheimer's disease comprising administrating pimavanserin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a patient.

Item 3. The method of any one of items 1-3, wherein pimavanserin is orally administered in a daily dose of about 10, 17 or 34 mg.

Item 4. The method of any one of items 1-3, wherein the effect is determined by an improved patient score in the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Nursing Home Version (NPI-NH) psychosis.

Item 5. The method of any one of items 1-4, wherein the NPI-NH psychosis is a combination of hallucinations and delusions domains.

Item 6. The method of any one of items 1-5, wherein the improvements in psychosis is at least 3 points, such as at least 3.2, such as at least 3.3, such as at least 3.4, such as at least 3.5, such as at least 3.6, such as at least 3.7, such as between 3.7 and 2.8 determined by NPI-NH psychosis scale.

Item 7. The method of any one of items 1-6, wherein the improvement is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 12 weeks from the initial daily administration of pimavanserin.

Item 8. The method of any one of items 1-7, wherein the p-value of the improvement is between 0.03 and 0.05, such as 0.04, such as 0.045, such as 0.0451.

Item 9. The method of any one of items 1-8, wherein the cognitive status of the patient is not impaired.

Item 10. The method of item 9, wherein the cognitive status is determined via Mini-Mental State Examiner (MMSE) score.

Item 11. The method of any one of items 1-10, wherein the effect is determined by an improved patient score in the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Clinical Global Impression of Change (ADSC-CGIC).

Item 12. The method of any one of items 1-11, wherein the effect is determined by an improved patient score in the Agitation/Aggression subscale of NPI-NH.

Item 13. The method of any one of items 1-12, wherein the effect is determined by an improved patient score in the Sleep/Nighttime Behavior subscale of NPI-NH.

Item 14. The method of any one of items 1-13, wherein the effect is determined by an improved patient score in the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory-Short Form (CMAI-SF) or Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) total score.

Item 15. The method of any one of items 1-14, wherein the effect is determined by an improved patient score in the aggressive behavior subdomain of CMAI-SF or CMAI.

Item 16. The method of any one of items 1-15, wherein the effect is determined by an improved patient score in the physically nonaggressive subdomain of CMAI-SF or CMAI.

Item 17. The method of any one of items 1-16, wherein the effect is determined by an improved patient score in the verbally aggressive subdomain of CMAI-SF or CMAI.

Item 18. The method of any one of items 1-17, wherein the patient is concurrently treated with an anti-Alzheimer's agent.

Item 19. The method of any one of items 1-18, wherein the anti-Alzheimer's agent is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.

Item 20. The method of any one of items 1-19, wherein the anti-Alzheimer's agent is selected from the group consisting of memantine, rivastigmine, tacrine, donepezil, verubecestat and galantamine

Item 21. The method of any one of items 1-20, wherein the effect is determined by an improved patient score in the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study—Activities of Daily Living Instrument (ADCS-ADL) total score.

Item 22. The method of any one of items 1-21, wherein the effect is determined by an improved patient score in the basic subdomain of ADCS-ADL.

Item 23. The method of any one of items 1-22, wherein the effect is determined by an improved patient score in the instrumental subdomain of ADCS-ADL.

Item 24. The method of any one of items 1-23, wherein the effect is an antipsychotic effect.

Item 25. A method for the treatment of delusions in a patient having Alzheimer's disease comprising administrating pimavanserin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a patient, wherein the patient has Alzheimer's disease.

Item 26. A method for the treatment of hallucinations in a patient having Alzheimer's disease comprising administrating pimavanserin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a patient, wherein the patient has Alzheimer's disease.

Item 27. A method for the improvement of a patient's score on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Nursing Home Version (NPI-NH), comprising administering pimavanserin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the patient.

Item 28. A method for the reduction of psychosis in a patient having dementia, comprising administering pimavanserin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the patient.

Item 29 The method according to item 28, wherein the patient has Alzheimer's Disease.

Item 30. The method according to any one of items 27-29, wherein pimavanserin is administered daily to the patient and wherein the patient's NPI-NH score determined at about 4 weeks, about 5 weeks, about 6 weeks, about 7 or about 8 weeks after daily administration of pimavanserin is an improvement of at least 1.0, at least 2.0, at least 2.5, at least 3.0 or at least 4.0 as compared to the patient's score prior to being administered with pimavanserin.

Item 31. The method according to any one of items 27-30, wherein the pimavanserin is administered daily to the patient for at least 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 weeks without any significant worsening of cognitive function as compared to prior to being administered with pimavanserin.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 depicts antipsychotic efficacy of pimavanserin in patients with Alzheimer's Disease that have a baseline NPI-NH Psychosis score (Domain A & B) of 12 or greater.

FIG. 2 depicts antipsychotic efficacy of pimavanserin in patients with Alzheimer's Disease that have a baseline NPI-NH Agitation/Aggression score (Domain C) of 6 or greater.

FIG. 3 depicts antipsychotic efficacy of pimavanserin in patients with Alzheimer's Disease that had antipsychotic use prior to the baseline measurement of the NPI-NH on day 0.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Provided herein are methods for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease psychosis comprising administration of pimavanserin to a patient. Also provided herein are methods of treating Alzheimer's disease psychosis in a patient as described above, wherein pimavanserin is administered in alternation or in combination with an anti-Alzheimer's agent.

Also provided herein are methods of inducing a rapid or early onset of an antipsychotic effect in a patient suffering from ADP, comprising administering pimavanserin to a subject suffering from ADP such that there is a rapid or early onset of an antipsychotic effect. In one embodiment, rapid or early onset of an antipsychotic effect is measured as compared to conventional therapies for ADP, such as the administration of an antipsychotic agent, such as an atypical antipsychotic. Exemplary agents used for the treatment of ADP include, but are not limited to, memantine, cholinesterase inhibitors, tacrine, donepezil, and rivastigmine.

Also provided herein are methods for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease psychosis comprising diagnosing a patient to have ADP, and administrating pimavanserin to the patient. In one embodiment, the patient is diagnosed to have psychotic symptoms. In another embodiment, the psychotic symptoms include hallucinations, such as visual and/or visual auditory hallucinations, and/or delusions. Provided herein are also methods of treating hallucinations and/or delusions in a patient diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.

Also provided herein are methods for the treatment of psychosis, or a symptom thereof, in a human with Alzheimer's Disease.

Also provided herein are methods for the treatment of delusions and/or hallucinations in a human with Alzheimer's Disease.

Also provided herein are methods for reducing NPI-NH score in a human with Alzheimer's Disease.

Also provided herein are methods for the reducing agitated behavior and/or aggressive behavior in a human with dementia, e.g. wherein the human has a diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's Disease according to the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) guidelines.

Also provided herein are methods for the reducing agitated behavior and/or aggressive behavior in a human with probable Alzheimer's Disease, and wherein the agitated behavior and/or aggressive behavior is one or more of the following pacing and aimless wandering, such as constantly walking back and forth; inappropriate dressing or disrobing, such as putting on too many clothes, putting on clothing in a strange manner (e.g. putting pants on head), taking off clothing in public; spitting, such as spitting onto floor, and other people; cursing or verbal aggression, such as using words; swearing, use of obscenity, profanity, unkind speech or criticism, verbal anger, verbal combativeness; constant unwarranted request for attention or help, such as verbal or nonverbal unreasonable nagging, pleading, demanding; repetitive sentences or questions, such as repeating the same sentence or question one right after the other; hitting, such as physical abuse, striking others, pinching others, banging self/furniture; kicking, such as strike forcefully with feet at people or objects; grabbing onto people or things inappropriately, such as snatching, seizing roughly, taking firmly, or yanking; pushing, such as forcefully thrusting, shoving, moving putting pressure against; throwing things, such as hurl, violently tossing up in air, tipping off surfaces, flinging, intentionally spilling food; making strange noises, such as including crying, weeping, moaning, weird laughter, grinding teeth; screaming, such as loud shrill, shouting, piercing howl; biting, such as chomp, gnash, gnaw; scratching, such as clawing, scraping with fingernails; trying to get to a different place, such as trying to get out of the building, off the property, leaving inappropriately, trying to get into locked areas, trespassing within unit, into offices, other resident's room or closet; intentional falling, such as purposefully falling onto floor, include from wheelchair, chair, or bed; complaining—whining, complaining about self, somatic complaints, personal gripes or complaining about external things or other people; negativism, such as bad attitude, doesn't like anything, nothing is right; eating or drinking inappropriate substances, such as putting into mouth and trying to swallow items that are inappropriate; hurting self or other, such as burning self or other, cutting self or other, touching self or other with harmful objects; handling things inappropriately, such as picking up things that don't belong to them, rummaging through drawers, moving furniture, playing with food, fecal smearing; hiding things, such as putting objects under or behind something; hoarding things, such as putting many or inappropriate objects in purse or pockets, keeping too many of an item; tearing things or destroying property, such as shredding, ripping, breaking, stomping on something; performing repetitious mannerisms, such as stereotypic movement, such as patting, tapping, rocking self, fiddling with something, twiddling with something, rubbing self or object, sucking fingers, taking shoes on and off, picking at self, clothing, or objects, picking imaginary things out of air or off floor, manipulation of nearby objects in a repetitious manner; making verbal sexual advances, such as sexual propositions, sexual innuendo, or “dirty” talk; making physical sexual advances or exposing genitals, such as touching a person in an inappropriate sexual way, rubbing genital area, inappropriate masturbation, when not alone in own room or bathroom, unwanted fondling or kissing; and general restlessness—fidgeting, always moving around in seat, getting up and sitting down inability to sit still.

Also provided herein are methods for reducing verbally agitated behavior or verbally aggressive behavior in a human with dementia.

In certain embodiments, the methods above comprise administering pimavanserin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to the human.

In certain embodiments, the methods above further comprise steps of determining a baseline score on the NPI-NH for a human; and identifying a human with a score of 12 or greater in the Psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH prior to administering pimavanserin to the human.

In certain embodiments, the methods further comprise the steps of determining a baseline score on the NPI-NH for a human; and identifying a human with a score of 6 or greater in the Agitation/Aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH prior to administering pimavanserin to the human.

In an embodiment, pimavanserin is administered orally.

In an embodiment, pimavanserin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered. In another embodiment, pimavanserin tartrate salt is administered.

In an embodiment, pimavanserin is orally administered in a daily dose of about 10-60 mg. In another embodiment, pimavanserin tartrate is orally administered in a daily dose of about 40 mg. In some embodiments, the daily dose is 5 mg, 6 mg, 7 mg, 8 mg, 9 mg, 10 mg, 11 mg, 12 mg, 13 mg, 14 mg, 15 mg, 16 mg, 17 mg, 18 mg, 19 mg, 20 mg, 21 mg, 22 mg, 23 mg, 24 mg, 25 mg, 26 mg, 27 mg, 28 mg, 29 mg, 30 mg, 31 mg, 32 mg, 33 mg, 34 mg, 35 mg, 36 mg, 37 mg, 38 mg, 39 mg, 40 mg, 41 mg, 42 mg, 43 mg, 44 mg, 45 mg, 46 mg, 47 mg, 48 mg, 49 mg, 50 mg, 51 mg, 52 mg, 53 mg, 54 mg, 55 mg, 56 mg, 57 mg, 58 mg, 59 mg, or 60 mg. In an embodiment the daily dose of pimavanserin tartrate is administered once, twice or three times per day, for example a 40 mg dose of pimavanserin tartrate is administered once a day, or 20 mg pimavanserin tartrate is administered twice a day.

In another embodiment, pimavanserin is orally administered in a daily dose of about 34 mg. In some embodiments, the daily dose is 5 mg, 6 mg, 7 mg, 8 mg, 9 mg, 10 mg, 11 mg, 12 mg, 13 mg, 14 mg, 15 mg, 16 mg, 17 mg, 18 mg, 19 mg, 20 mg, 21 mg, 22 mg, 23 mg, 24 mg, 25 mg, 26 mg, 27 mg, 28 mg, 29 mg, 30 mg, 31 mg, 32 mg, 33 mg, 34 mg, 35 mg, 36 mg, 37 mg, 38 mg, 39 mg, 40 mg, 41 mg, 42 mg, 43 mg, 44 mg, 45 mg, 46 mg, 47 mg, 48 mg, 49 mg, 50 mg, 51 mg, 52 mg, 53 mg, 54 mg, 55 mg, 56 mg, 57 mg, 58 mg, 59 mg, or 60 mg. In an embodiment the daily dose of pimavanserin is administered once, twice or three times per day, for example a 34 mg dose of pimavanserin is administered once a day, or 17 mg pimavanserin is administered twice a day, or a 10 mg dose pimavanserin is administered twice a day.

In an embodiment, the tartrate salt of pimavanserin is formulated for oral administration. In another embodiment, the tartrate salt of pimavanserin in an amount of about 20 mg (equivalent to 17 mg pimavanserin) is administered. In yet another embodiment, the tartrate salt of pimavanserin in an amount of about 40 mg (equivalent to 34 mg pimavanserin) is administered. In yet another embodiment, pimavanserin in an amount of about 20 mg is administered. In yet another embodiment, pimavanserin in an amount of about 10 mg is administered.

In an embodiment, the tartrate salt of pimavanserin is administered once, twice, or three times daily. In an embodiment, the tartrate salt of pimavanserin is administered twice daily. In an embodiment, the tartrate salt of pimavanserin is administered once daily.

In an embodiment, pimavanserin is administered during concomitant administration of an anti-Alzheimer's agent. In another embodiment, the anti-Alzheimer's agent is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. In yet another embodiment, the anti-Alzheimer's agent is selected from the group consisting of memantine, rivastigmine, tacrine, donepezil, verubecestat and galantamine.

In an embodiment, the method comprises the oral administration of pimavanserin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a patient with Alzheimer's disease psychosis, wherein the administration results in an antipsychotic effect.

In some embodiments, pimavanserin is administered each day for at least 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 7 weeks, 8 weeks, 9 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks, 12 weeks, 13 weeks, 14 weeks or 15 weeks. In an embodiment, pimavanserin is administered twice daily to meet the daily dose. In another embodiment, pimavanserin is administered twice daily for at least 3 weeks to meet the daily dose. In an embodiment, pimavanserin tartrate is administered once daily to meet the daily dose (e.g. a 40 mg daily dose is administered once daily). In another embodiment, pimavanserin tartrate is administered once daily for at least 3 weeks to meet the daily dose. In an embodiment, a 40 mg daily dose is administered in 20 mg twice daily. In another embodiment, a 40 mg daily dose is administered once daily.

It will be understood that in certain embodiments of the methods provided herein, a patient is a human.

In an embodiment, the cognitive status of the human is not impaired. In another embodiment, the cognitive status of the human is not impaired, and determined by the Mini-Mental State Examiner (MMSE) score.

In one embodiment, the age of the patient is 45 years or older, 50 years or older, or 55 years or old, or 60 years or older, or 65 years or older, or 70 years or older at baseline. In another embodiment, the age of the patient is 50 years or older.

In one embodiment, the patient is a possible or probable patient with Alzheimer's disease defined by the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA).

In one embodiment, the age of the patient is 50 years or older and the patient is a possible or probable patient with Alzheimer's disease defined by the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA).

In some embodiments, the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease include psychosis (e.g., delusions and/or hallucinations), anxiety, depression, dementia including lewy body dementia and vascular dementia, episodic memory impairment, agitation and aggressions, stress, weight loss, seizures, and motor function.

In some embodiments, administration of pimavanserin results in an early onset of one or more efficacious effects. In some embodiments, the efficacious effect is the reduction of psychotic symptoms. In some embodiments, the efficacious effect is the antipsychotic effect.

In an embodiment, the effect is determined by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Nursing Home Version (NPI-NH) psychosis scale.

In an embodiment, the effect of administration of pimavanserin to a human diagnosed with dementia on agitated and/or aggressive behavior is determined by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Nursing Home Version (NPI-NH) agitation/aggression scale.

The NPI-NH was developed to assess psychopathology in patients with dementia in nursing homes and evaluates. The nursing home version of this scale was designed to examine psychopathology in nursing home patients and has been validated for use in this population. (Wood et al., Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatr., 2000, vol. 8(1), 75-83.)

TABLE 1 Domains of Neuropsychiatric Inventory Nursing Home Version (NPI-NH) Behavioral Domains Delusions Hallucinations Agitation/Aggression (Domain A) (Domain B) (Domain C) Anxiety Elation/Euphoria Depression/dysphoria (Domain E) (Domain F) (Domain D) Apathy/Indifference Disinhibition Irritability/lability (Domain G) (Domain H) (Domain I) Aberrant motor behavior (Domain J) Neurovegetative Changes Domains Sleep and nighttime behavior Eating disorders disorders (Domain K) (Domain L)

The NPI-NH includes ten behavioral domains and two neurovegetative changes domains. As shown in Table 1, the behavioral domains are delusions (Domain A), hallucinations (Domain B), agitation/aggression (Domain C), depression/dysphoria (Domain D), anxiety (Domain E), elation/euphoria (Domain F), apathy/indifference (Domain G), disinhibition (Domain H), irritability/lability (Domain I), and aberrant motor behavior (Domain J). The neurovegetative changes domains are sleep and nighttime behavior disorders (Domain K) and appetite and eating disorders (Domain L). (Wood et al., Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatr., 2000, vol. 8(1), 75-83).

The NPI-NH is based on responses from an informed professional caregiver involved in the daily care of the resident. The interview is best conducted in the absence of the resident to facilitate an open discussion of behaviors that may be difficult to describe with the resident present.

To determine the score for a given domain, the caregivers rate frequency and severity of the resident's behavior for that particular domain. The frequency is rated on a 0-4 point scale. For example, the frequency is rated as a) 0 for not present; b) 1 for occasional; c) 2 for often; d) 3 for frequent; and e) 4 for very frequent occurrence of the behavior in question. The severity is rated on a 1-3 point scale. For example, the severity is rated as a) 1 for mild; b) 2 for moderate; and 3 for severe. The score of each domain is determined by multiplying the frequency rating score by the severity rating score. The score of each domain ranges from 0 to 12.

A total NPI-NH score can be calculated by adding all of the ten behavioral domain scores together.

A psychosis score on the psychosis subscale is the total score of the score of delusions (Domain A) and hallucinations (Domain B). For example, when the delusions score (Domain A) is 4 and the hallucinations score (Domain B) is 6, the psychosis score is 10. The psychosis score typically ranges from 0 to 24.

In an embodiment, the human has a baseline score of 3 or greater, 4 or greater, 5 or greater, 6 or greater, 7 or greater, 8 or greater, 9 or greater, 10 or greater, 11 or greater, 12 or greater, 13 or greater, 14 or greater, 15 or greater, or 16 or greater in the psychosis sub scale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH. In another embodiment, the human has a baseline score of 6 or greater in the psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH. In yet another embodiment, the human has a baseline score of 9 or greater in the psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH. In yet another embodiment, the human has a baseline score of 12 or greater in the psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH.

In an embodiment, the human has a baseline score of 3 or greater, 4 or greater, 5 or greater, 6 or greater, 7 or greater, or 8 or greater in the agitation and aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH. In another embodiment, the human has a baseline score of 3 or greater, 4 or greater, 5 or greater, 6 or greater, 7 or greater, or 8 or greater in the depression/dysphoria subscale (Domain D) of the NPI-NH. In yet another embodiment, the human has a baseline score of 3 or greater, 4 or greater, 5 or greater, 6 or greater, 7 or greater, or 8 or greater in the anxiety subscale (Domain E) of the NPI-NH. In yet another embodiment, the human has a baseline score of 3 or greater, 4 or greater, 5 or greater, 6 or greater, 7 or greater, or 8 or greater in the elation/euphoria subscale (Domain F) of the NPI-NH. In yet another embodiment, the human has a baseline score of 3 or greater, 4 or greater, 5 or greater, 6 or greater, 7 or greater, or 8 or greater in the apathy/indifference subscale (Domain G) of the NPI-NH. In yet another embodiment, the human has a baseline score of 3 or greater, 4 or greater, 5 or greater, 6 or greater, 7 or greater, or 8 or greater in the disinhibition subscale (Domain H) of the NPI-NH. In yet another embodiment, the human has a baseline score of 3 or greater, 4 or greater, 5 or greater, 6 or greater, 7 or greater, or 8 or greater in the disinhibition subscale (Domain H) of the NPI-NH. In yet another embodiment, the human has a baseline score of 3 or greater, 4 or greater, 5 or greater, 6 or greater, 7 or greater, or 8 or greater in the irritability/lability subscale (Domain I) of the NPI-NH. In yet another embodiment, the human has a baseline score of 3 or greater, 4 or greater, 5 or greater, 6 or greater, 7 or greater, or 8 or greater in the sleep and nighttime behavior disorders subscale (Domain J) of the NPI-NH. In yet another embodiment, the human has a baseline score of 3 or greater, 4 or greater, 5 or greater, 6 or greater, 7 or greater, or 8 or greater in the sleep and nighttime behavior disorders subscale (Domain K) of the NPI-NH. In yet another embodiment, the human has a baseline score of 3 or greater, 4 or greater, 5 or greater, 6 or greater, 7 or greater, or 8 or greater in the appetite and eating disorders subscale (Domain L) of the NPI-NH.

In an embodiment, the human has a baseline score of 6 or greater in the psychosis sub scale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH; and/or has a baseline score of 3 or greater in the agitation and aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH. In another embodiment, the human has a baseline score of 6 or greater in the psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH; and/or has a baseline score of 6 or greater in the agitation and aggression sub scale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH. In yet another embodiment, the human has a baseline score of 6 or greater in the psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH; and/or has a baseline score of 9 or greater in the agitation and aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH. In yet another embodiment, the human has a baseline score of 9 or greater in the psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH; and/or has a baseline score of 3 or greater in the agitation and aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH. In yet another embodiment, the human has a baseline score of 9 or greater in the psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH; and/or has a baseline score of 6 or greater in the agitation and aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH. In yet another embodiment, the human has a baseline score of 9 or greater in the psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH; and/or has a baseline score of 9 or greater in the agitation and aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH. In yet another embodiment, the human has a baseline score of 12 or greater in the psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH; and/or has a baseline score of 3 or greater in the agitation and aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH. In yet another embodiment, the human has a baseline score of 12 or greater in the psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH; and/or has a baseline score of 6 or greater in the agitation and aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH. In yet another embodiment, the human has a baseline score of 12 or greater in the psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH; and/or has a baseline score of 9 or greater in the agitation and aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH.

In an embodiment, the human has no history of being prescribed for using an anti-psychotic agent. In another embodiment, the human has a baseline score of 12 or greater in the psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH and/or has no history being prescribed for using an anti-psychotic agent. In yet another embodiment, the human has a baseline score of 6 or greater in the agitation and aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH and/or has no history of being prescribed for using an anti-psychotic agent. In yet another embodiment, the human has a baseline score of 12 or greater in the psychosis sub scale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH; has a baseline score of 6 or greater in the agitation and aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH; and/or has no history of being prescribed for using an anti-psychotic agent.

In certain embodiments, the verbally agitated behavior and/or verbally aggressive behavior includes, but is not limited to, shouting, screaming, swearing, making verbal sexual advances, cursing or verbal aggression, repetitive sentences or questions, making strange noises (weird laughter or crying), complaining, negativism, constant unwarranted request for attention or help, and making threats.

In some embodiments, an “improvement” refers to a reduction of score on the scale or subscale of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Nursing Home Version (NPI-NH), the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Clinical Global Impression of Change (ADSC-CGIC), the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) or the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory-Short Form (CMAI-SF). For example, an improvement refers to a reduction of a patient's total NPI-NH score from a score of 50 to a score of 40. In some embodiments, the improvement may optionally refer to one or more patients.

In certain embodiments, the effect is determined by an improved score in the NPI-NH. In certain embodiments, the improved score in the NPI-NH is at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, or at least 9 points as compared to baseline score prior to administering pimavanserin. In certain embodiments, the improved score in the NPI-NH is at least 2, at least 3, or at least 4 points as compared to baseline score prior to administering pimavanserin.

In certain embodiments, the improved score in the psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH is at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, or at least 9 points as compared to baseline score prior to administering pimavanserin. In certain embodiments, the improved score in the psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH is at least 2, at least 3, or at least 4 points as compared to baseline score prior to administering pimavanserin.

In certain embodiments, the methods provided herein reduce the patient's NPI-NH score by at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, or at least 9 points as compared to baseline score prior to administering pimavanserin. In certain embodiments, the methods provided herein reduce the patient's NPI-NH score by at least 2, at least 3, or at least 4 points as compared to baseline score prior to administering pimavanserin.

In certain embodiments, the methods provided herein reduce the patient's score in the psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH by at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, or at least 9 points as compared to baseline score prior to administering pimavanserin. In certain embodiments, the methods provided herein reduce the patient's score in the psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH by at least 2, at least 3, or at least 4 points as compared to baseline score prior to administering pimavanserin.

One of ordinary skills in the art will understand that the improved score or the points of score reduced will be less than the baseline score.

In certain embodiments, the effects is determined by an improved score at least about 4 weeks, at least about 5 weeks, at least about 6 weeks, at least about 7 weeks, or at least about 8 weeks from the initial administration of pimavanserin. In certain embodiments, the effects is determined about 4 weeks, about 5 weeks, about 6 weeks, about 7 weeks, about 8 weeks, about 9 weeks, about 10 weeks, about 11 weeks, or about 12 weeks from the initial administration of pimavanserin. In certain embodiments, the effects is determined about 6 weeks from the initial administration of pimavanserin.

In certain embodiments, the p-value of the improvement is between 0.0001 and 0.05.

In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for the improvement of a patient's score on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Nursing Home Version (NPI-NH), comprising administering pimavanserin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the patient.

In some embodiments the improvement in NPI-NH is determined at about 3-9 weeks, or about 4 weeks, about 5 weeks, about 6 weeks, about 7 or about 8 weeks, of daily administration of pimavanserin.

In certain embodiments of the methods provided herein, the improvement in NPI-NH score is an improvement of between 1.0 to 4.0, or at least 1.0, at least 1.5, at least 2.0, at least 2.5, at least 3.0 or at least 3.5, or at least 4.0 as compared to the patient's score prior to being administered with pimavanserin. The improvement can be an improvement in a total NPI score, or, for example, can be an improvement in one NPI domain, or across one, or two, or three NPI domains.

In certain embodiment of the methods provided herein, pimavanserin is administered to a patient chronically, for example for at least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or more weeks, without any significant worsening of cognitive function as compared to prior to being administered with pimavanserin. Cognitive function can, for example, be assessed using any technique known to this skilled in the art, or can be assessed, for instance, as described elsewhere in this specification.

In another embodiment, the effect is determined by an improved patient score in the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study—Clinical Global Impression of Change (ADSC-CGIC). ADCS-CGIC scale allows the Investigator to determine the patient's overall clinical condition as it relates to their psychosis and neuropsychiatric symptoms and to address the clinical significance of changes from Baseline in other psychometric measures. (Schneider et al., Alzheimer's Disease and Associated Disorders, 1997, vol. 11(2), S22-S32.)

In one embodiment, the effect is determined by an improved patient score in the Delusions and Hallucinations subscale of NPI-NH (Domain A and B). In another embodiment, the antipsychotic effect is determined by an improved patient score in the Agitation/Aggression subscale of NPI-NH (Domain C). In one embodiment, the antipsychotic effect is determined by an improved patient score in the Sleep/Nighttime Behavior subscale of NPI-NH (Domain K).

In one embodiment, the effect is determined by an improved patient score in the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory-Short Form (CMAI-SF) total score. The CMAI-SF is a 14-item instrument assessing frequency of manifestations of agitation in the elderly based on directly observable behaviors (Werner et al., Geriatric Nursing, 1994, vol. 15(3), 142-146; Koss et al., Alzheimer's Disease and Associated Disorders, 1997, vol. 11, 45-50) including physically aggressive behaviors and verbally aggressive behaviors. (Cohen-Mansfield et al., J of Gerontology Med. Sci., 1989, vol. 44(3), M77-M84; Werner et al., Geriatric Nursing, 1994, vol. 15(3), 142-146; Koss et al., Alzheimer's Disease and Associated Disorders, 1997, vol. 11, 45-50.) In another embodiment, the effect is determined by an improved patient score in the aggressive behavior subdomain of CMAI-SF. In one embodiment, the effect is determined by an improved patient score in the physically nonaggressive subdomain of CMAI-SF. In another embodiment, the antipsychotic effect is determined by an improved patient score in the verbally aggressive subdomain of CMAI-SF.

In one embodiment, the effect on agitated and/or aggressive behavior is determined by an improved patient score in the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) total score. The CMAI is a 14- or 28-item instrument assessing frequency of manifestations of agitation in the elderly based on directly observable behaviors (Werner et al., Geriatric Nursing, 1994, vol. 15(3), 142-146; Koss et al., Alzheimer's Disease and Associated Disorders, 1997, vol. 11, 45-50) including physically aggressive behaviors and verbally aggressive behaviors. (Cohen-Mansfield et al., J of Gerontology Med. Sci., 1989, vol. 44(3), M77-M84; Werner et al., Geriatric Nursing, 1994, vol. 15(3), 142-146; Koss et al., Alzheimer's Disease and Associated Disorders, 1997, vol. 11, 45-50.) In another embodiment, the effect is determined by an improved patient score in the aggressive behavior subdomain of CMAI. In one embodiment, the effect is determined by an improved patient score in the physically nonaggressive subdomain of CMAI. In another embodiment, the antipsychotic effect is determined by an improved patient score in the verbally aggressive subdomain of CMAI.

In one embodiment, the effect is determined by an improved patient score in the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study—Activities of Daily Living Instrument (ADCS-ADL) total score. The ADCS-ADL is an inventory to assess activities of daily living in patients with AD. (Galasko et al., Alzheimer's Disease and Associated Disorders, 1997, vol. 11(2), S33-S39.) This is a caregiver-rated questionnaire that includes 23 items related to patient ADLs. The instrument assesses functional capacity across a large spectrum of dementia severity. In one embodiment, the antipsychotic effect is determined by an improved patient score in the basic subdomain of ADCS-ADL. In another embodiment, the effect is determined by an improved patient score in the instrumental subdomain of ADCS-ADL.

In some embodiments the effect of the treatment is an antipsychotic effect, for example determined by one or more of the following: an improved patient score in the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Nursing Home Version (NPI-NH) psychosis scale, an improved patient score in the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study—Clinical Global Impression of Change (ADSC-CGIC), an improved patient score in the Delusions and Hallucinations sub scale of NPI-NH (Domain A and B), an improved patient score in the aggressive behavior subdomain of CMAI or CMAI-SF, or an improved patient score in the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study—Activities of Daily Living Instrument (ADCS-ADL) total score.

In some embodiments the effect of the treatment is an antipsychotic effect, for example determined by an improved patient score in the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Nursing Home Version (NPI-NH) psychosis scale, without impairing cognition, as determined by Mini-Mental State Examiner (MMSE) score. In some embodiment the antipsychotic effect without impairing cognition is determined over the 12 weeks of treatment. The MMSE is a brief 30-point questionnaire that is used to quantitatively assess cognition (Folstein et al., Journal of Psychiatric Research. 12 (3): 189-98, 1975). The MMSE test includes simple questions and problems in a number of areas: the time and place of the test, repeating lists of words, arithmetic, language use and comprehension, and copying a drawing. It can be used to screen for cognitive impairment, to estimate the severity of cognitive impairment at a given point in time, to follow the course of cognitive changes in an individual over time, and to document an individual's response to treatment.

Also provided herein is a method for the improvement of sleep in an Alzheimer's disease patient, comprising the oral administration of pimavanserin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In one embodiment, the improvement of sleep is measured on the NPI-NH Sleep/Nighttime Behavior subscale (Domain K).

In one embodiment, provided herein is a method for the improvement of sleep in a Alzheimer's disease patient, comprising the oral administration of pimavanserin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the patient in a daily dose of about 34 mg, wherein the improvement of sleep is measured on the NPI-NH Sleep/Nighttime Behavior subscale (Domain K). In another embodiment, the method is for the improvement of frequency of nighttime behavior by the NPI-NH Sleep/Nighttime Behavior subscale (Domain K). In one embodiment, the method is for the improvement of severity of nighttime behavior by the NPI-NH Sleep/Nighttime Behavior subscale (Domain K). In another embodiment, the method is for the improvement of occupational disruptiveness of nighttime behavior by the NPI-NH Sleep/Nighttime Behavior subscale (Domain K).

Also provided herein are methods of treating Alzheimer's disease psychosis in a patient as described above, wherein pimavanserin is administered in alternation or in combination with an anti-Alzheimer's agent. In some embodiments, the patient is concurrently treated with an anti-Alzheimer's agent. In some embodiments, the anti-Alzheimer's agent is selected from the group consisting acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, such rivastigmine, tacrine, donepezil and galantamine. In some embodiments, the anti-Alzheimer's agent is selected from the group consisting of memantine, rivastigmine, tacrine, donepezil, verubecestat and galantamine.

Provided herein are methods for the treatment of psychosis (e.g. hallucinations and/or delusions), or a symptom thereof, in a human with Alzheimer's Disease comprising coadministering to the human pimavanserin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI), wherein the human:

has a baseline score of 6 or greater in the Psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Nursing Home Version (NPI-NH); or

has a baseline score of 4 or greater in the Agitation/Aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH.

In some embodiments the human has a baseline score of 12 or greater in the Psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH; or has a baseline score of 6 or greater in the Agitation/Aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH.

Provided herein are methods for reducing verbally agitated behavior or verbally aggressive behavior in a human with dementia comprising coadministering to the human pimavanserin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) to the human, wherein the human:

has a baseline score of 6 or greater in the Psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH; or

has a baseline score of 4 or greater in the Agitation/Aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH. In certain embodiments, the human is for example a human with Parkinson's Disease or Alzheimer's Disease.

In certain embodiments, the SSRI is selected from the group consisting of bupropion, citalopram, duloxetine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, nefazodone, paroxetine, sertraline, sibutramine, trazodone, and venlafaxine.

In one embodiment, the efficacious effect is measured by changes in the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI), with emphasis on severity (CGI-S) and improvement (CGI-I) of psychosis. See Busner & Targum, Psychiatry, 2007, vol. 4(7): 28-37.

All combinations of the above measurements of efficacy are part of the disclosure provided herein.

In some embodiments, the early or rapid onset of efficacious activity is demonstrated by a greater percentage of patients demonstrating an efficacious effect after a specified period of time as compared to placebo or lack of treatment. In some embodiments, the percentage of patients demonstrating an efficacious effect is increased by greater than about 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, 130%, 150%, 200%, 300%, 400%, or 500%. In some embodiments, the specified period of administration is two weeks, four weeks, six weeks, eight weeks, ten weeks, twelve weeks, fourteen weeks or sixteen weeks before the efficacious effect is demonstrated. In one embodiment, the specified period of time is twelve weeks.

In one embodiment, the Alzheimer's disease psychosis patients are administering one day to four weeks of social interaction therapy, wherein patients who respond sufficiently to the social interaction therapy are excluded from a subsequent clinical study. In one embodiment, three weeks of social interaction therapy is administered.

In one embodiment, the social interaction therapy designed for Alzheimer's disease psychosis patients is a brief psychosocial therapy (BPST). Patients who responded sufficiently to the BPST (i.e., who no longer meet study entry criteria) are excluded from the clinical study. In another embodiment, patients who do not materially improve during this phase are admitted to the treatment period of the clinical study.

In some embodiments, BPST used is as described in Example 1, infra.

Also provided herein is a method for conducting a clinical study in a group of Alzheimer's disease psychosis patients, the method comprising:

-   -   (i) screening a group of Alzheimer's disease psychosis patients         by administering one day to four weeks of social interaction         therapy, wherein patients who respond to the social interaction         therapy are excluded from the clinical study;     -   (ii) dividing the patients who were not excluded into a         treatment group and a placebo group;     -   (iii) administering a drug to the treatment group for a         designated period of time; and     -   (iv) evaluating the results of the clinical study by comparing         the treatment group to the placebo group.

In another aspect, provided herein are methods for improving hallucinations, delusions, falls, urinary tract infection and/or agitation in a human comprising administering pimavanserin to the human. In some embodiment, pimavanserin is administered in the dose, regimen, etc. as described above. In some embodiments, the human is a possible or probable patient with Alzheimer's Disease.

In another aspect, provided herein are methods for reducing an hallucinations, delusions, falls, urinary tract infection and/or agitation in a human comprising administering pimavanserin to the human. In some embodiment, pimavanserin is administered in the dose, regimen, etc. as described above. In some embodiments, the human is a possible or probable patient with Alzheimer's Disease.

In one embodiment, the efficacious effect is measured by overall reduction of hallucinations, delusions, falls, urinary tract infection and/or agitation. In another embodiment, the efficacious effect is measured by reduced severity of hallucinations, delusions, falls, urinary tract infection and/or agitation. In one embodiment, the efficacious effect is measured by reduced duration of hallucinations, delusions, falls, urinary tract infection and/or agitation. In another embodiment, the efficacious effect is measured by reduced frequency of hallucinations, delusions, falls, urinary tract infection and/or agitation. In one embodiment, the efficacious effect is measured by reduced seriousness of hallucinations, delusions, falls, urinary tract infection and/or agitation. In one embodiment the efficacious effect(s), such as an antipsychotic effect, described herein are in combination with a maintained cognitive status. Thus cognition was not impaired during the 12 week study.

In some embodiments the most reported adverse effect were falls, urinary tract infection and/or agitation.

In some embodiments pimavanserin demonstrated an efficacious effect about 2 times bigger than placebo.

Compound

Pimavanserin, which is also known as N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-(4-fluorophenylmethyl)-N′-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)phenylmethyl)carbamide, N-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-N-(1-methyl-4-piperidinyl)-N′-[[4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl]methyl]-urea, 1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-3-[4-(2-methylpropoxy)benzyl]urea, or ACP-103. Pimavanserin commonly is administered as pimavanserin tartrate and has the structure of Formula (I):

Pimavanserin has previously been synthesized according to the method disclosed in Scheme I.

Pimavanserin and methods for its use are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,601,740; 7,659,285; 7,713,995; 7,732,462; 7,994,193 and 8,008,323, the entirety of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Pimavanserin can be obtained in a number of salt and crystalline forms. Exemplary pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the tartrate, hemi-tartrate, citrate, fumarate, maleate, malate, phosphate, succinate, sulphate, and edisylate (ethanedisulfonate) salts. Pimavanserin salts including the aforementioned ions, among others, are described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006-0111399, filed Sep. 26, 2005, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. In an embodiment provided herein, pimavanserin is the tartrate salt of pimavanserin. Several crystalline forms of the tartrate salt of pimavanserin have been described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006-0106063, filed Sep. 26, 2006, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,732,615; 7,795,547; 7,790,899; 7,868,176, the entirety of each of which is incorporated herein by reference. In an embodiment provided herein, pimavanserin is the crystalline form of the tartrate salt of pimavanserin Form A. In another embodiment, pimavanserin is the crystalline form of the tartrate salt of pimavanserin Form C. Pimavanserin (including, for example, the tartrate salt) may be formulated into tablets, such as is described in U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 2007-0260064, filed May 15, 2007 and 2007-0264330, filed May 15, 2007, each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

Additional methods for manufacturing pimavanserin are described in WO2017/015272, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entireties.

Formulations of pimavanserin are known to those skilled in the art and are commercially available, for example as NUPLAZID® (pimavanserin). NUPLAZID® contains pimavanserin, an atypical antipsychotic, which is present as pimavanserin tartrate salt with the chemical name, urea, N-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-N-(1-methyl-4-piperidinyl)-N′-[[4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl]methyl]-,(2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate (2:1). Pimavanserin tartrate is freely soluble in water. Its molecular formula is (C₂₅H₃₄FN₃O₂)₂.C₄H₆O₆ and its molecular weight is 1005.20 (tartrate salt). The molecular formula of pimavanserin free base is (C₂₅H₃₄FN₃O₂)₂ and its molecular weight is 427.55.

NUPLAZID® tablets are intended for oral administration only. Each round, white to off-white, immediate-release, film-coated tablet contains 20 mg of pimavanserin tartrate, which is equivalent to 17 mg of pimavanserin free base. Inactive ingredients include pregelatinized starch, magnesium stearate, and microcrystalline cellulose. Additionally, the following inactive ingredients are present as components of the film coat: hypromellose, talc, titanium dioxide, polyethylene glycol, and saccharin sodium.

In the above formulations, pimavanserin is in crystalline and/or amorphous form.

The pharmacological activity of pimavanserin has been previously reported. See U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 2004/0213816 and 2009/0053329, the entirety of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Pimavanserin is active in a number of models thought to be predictive of antipsychotic activity such as DOI ((±)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine, a serotonin agonist) induced head twitches in the rat and attenuation of hyperactivity in mice induced by the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist MK-801. The compound was effective in these models at oral doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg.

Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In the event that there is a plurality of definitions for a term herein, those in this section prevail unless stated otherwise.

The term “patient” refers to an animal, including, but not limited to, a primate (e.g., human), cow, sheep, goat, horse, dog, cat, rabbit, rat, or mouse. In one embodiment, the patient is a mammalian subject, such as a human. In one embodiment, the subject has or is at risk for a disease, disorder or condition provided herein. In another embodiment, the patient has or is at risk for a disease, disorder or condition wherein the disease, disorder or condition, or a symptom thereof, can be treated, prevented or ameliorated by the administration of pimavanserin. In another embodiment, the patient has a disease, disorder or condition wherein the disease, disorder or condition, or a symptom thereof, can be treated, prevented or ameliorated by the administration of pimavanserin tartrate salt.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt of a compound that does not cause significant irritation to an organism, such as a human, to which it is administered and does not abrogate the biological activity and properties of the compound. In some embodiments, the salt is an acid addition salt of the compound. Pharmaceutical salts can be obtained by reacting a compound with inorganic acids such as hydrohalic acid (e.g., hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid), sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like. Pharmaceutical salts can also be obtained by reacting a compound with an organic acid such as aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic or sulfonic acids, for example acetic, succinic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, nicotinic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, p-toluensulfonic, salicylic or naphthalenesulfonic acid. Pharmaceutical salts can also be obtained by reacting a compound with a base to form a salt such as an ammonium salt, an alkali metal salt, such as a sodium or a potassium salt, an alkaline earth metal salt, such as a calcium or a magnesium salt, a salt of organic bases such as dicyclohexylamine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, C₁-C₇ alkylamine, cyclohexylamine, triethanolamine, ethylenediamine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and the like.

The terms “improvement,” “improved” and “improves” as used herein with respect to the clinical setting refer to a clinically relevant effect being achieved greater than about 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 200%, 300%, 400%, or 500% when compared to baseline after a specified period of time. In some embodiments, the improvement refers to improved efficacious effect in a single patient after the administration of pimavanserin as compared to baseline (i.e., prior to the administration of pimavanserin). In other embodiments, the improvement refers to the demonstration of efficacy by a greater percentage of patients demonstrating an efficacious effect after a specified period of time as compared to placebo or lack of treatment. In various embodiments, the percentage of patients demonstrating an efficacious effect is increased by greater than about 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 200%, 300%, 400%, or 500% when compared to placebo or lack of treatment. In some embodiments, the specified period of time is about two weeks, four weeks or six weeks. In one embodiment, the specified period of time is six weeks.

The terms “reduction,” “reduced” and “reduces” as used herein with respect to the clinical setting refer to a clinically relevant effect being achieved less than about 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 200%, 300%, 400%, or 500% when compared to baseline after a specified period of time or when compared to placebo or lack of treatment. In some embodiments, the specified period of time is about two weeks, four weeks or six weeks. In one embodiment, the specified period of time is six weeks.

As used herein, the term “psychosis subscale” is interchangeable with the term “delusions and hallucinations subscale.”

A “baseline score” refers to the score of total NPI-NH score or the score of one domain measured prior to the administration of pimavanserin. In one embodiment, the baseline score is measured on day 0.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Administration of Pimavanserin to Humans with Ad

A twelve-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-center study was conducted in ADP patients in nursing homes. A purpose of the study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of 34 mg pimavanserin compared to placebo in the treatment of ADP.

A total of 181 nursing home patients were enrolled in the study and randomized on a one-to-one basis to receive either 34 mg of pimavanserin or placebo once daily for twelve weeks, following a three-week screening period including brief psycho-social therapy. Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) are defined by the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorder Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) criteria for possible or probable AD (McKhann et al., Neuro., 1984, vol. 34, 939-944.) The mean age of patients in the study was 86 years.

After completing initial Screening Visit procedures (SV1), patients entered a 3-week screening period with antipsychotic medication washout. During the screening period, the patients received brief psychosocial therapy (BPST; Ballard et al., 2009) following best practice guidelines and safety assessments were performed. After the first Screening Visit (SV1), there were two additional contacts at weekly intervals with the BPST caregiver by phone (SV2 and SV3) to support the patient and the BPST caregiver in this screening phase. Safety assessments were also collected during this phase. At the discretion of the investigator and upon consultation with the Medical Monitor, patients were randomized into the double-blind phase of the study at any time during the screening period if there is a substantial worsening of psychotic symptoms.

Patients were randomized to one of two treatment groups in a 1:1 ratio (pimavanserin 34 mg or placebo), stratified by Baseline Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) total score and Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Nursing Home Version (NPI-NH) psychosis score (Domains A and B) (4 levels: MMSE<6 and NPI-NH<12, MMSE>6 and NPI-NH<12, MMSE<6 and NPI-NH>12, MMSE>6 and NPI-NH>12), and entered a 12 week double-blind treatment period.

Nursing home staff administered the study drug to the patient each morning as a single oral dose (2×17 mg tablets) beginning within 24 hours of completion of all baseline assessments (Day 1). During the double-blind treatment period, study visits were performed as follows: Baseline, Day 15, Day 29, Day 43, Day 64, and Day 85 (or early termination). A follow-up telephone safety visit occurred 4 weeks after the last dose of study medication. The NPI-NH psychosis subscale (Delusions+Hallucinations domains) was used to assess psychosis. Behavioral symptoms were assessed using the NPI-NH Total and Individual Behavioral Domain scores and the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory—Short Form (CMAI-SF). The Alzheimer's disease Cooperative Study-Clinical Global Impression of Change (ADCS-CGIC) was used to assess the patient's overall condition and to address the clinical significance of changes in other psychometric measures. In addition, evaluation of activities of daily living (ADL) was evaluated using the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-ADL instrument (ADCS-ADL).

Each patient participated in a 3-week screening period, a 12-week double-blind treatment period, and a 4-week follow-up period. The maximum duration of the study for each patient was approximately 19 weeks. Pimavanserin was administered in tablet form, once daily by mouth in 34 mg doses (2 tablets of 17 mg pimavanserin), equivalent to 40 mg pimavanserin tartrate. (2 tablets of 20 mg pimavanserin tartrate) Placebo was administered with visibly matching tablets, using the same route and regimen. The safety of subjects was assessed by monitoring adverse events, physical examinations, vital signs, clinical laboratory tests (hematology, clinical chemistry, and urinalysis), and electrocardiograms. Furthermore cognitive status was assessed via MMSE.

The study included screening period such that patients received up to 3 weeks of brief psychosocial therapy (BPST) designed as per current supportive care guidelines to aid the patient and caregiver in managing the patient's psychotic symptoms through the screening period and minimize placebo response prior to randomization. (Ballard et al., Nat. Rev. Neurol., 2009, vol. May 5(5), 245-255.) BPST followed best practice and consensus guidelines for the treatment of this patient population in which non-pharmacologic therapy is attempted prior to initiation of active pharmacotherapy. Caregivers were trained to perform BPST at the Screening Visit and received a follow-up telephone contact at Screening Visit 2, and at Screening Visit 3. In consultation with the Medical Monitor, randomization prior to completion of the 3 weeks of BPST may occur at the discretion of the Investigator for those patients whose psychotic symptoms substantially worsen during the screening period, and who otherwise meet all eligibility requirements.

BPST was developed for use in clinical trials of Alzheimer's patients with behavioral disorders where placebo response rates often exceed 40%. It has been proposed that these high rates of placebo response result from a combination of Hawthorne effect and spontaneous remission. Hence, many people may show improvement without active medication and efficacy of pharmacologic treatments may be masked in therapeutic trials. The utility of BPST for the treatment of agitation in Alzheimer's disease (the CALM-AD trial) was recently reported in American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry (Ballard et al., 2009). In the CALM-AD study, BPST treatment achieved a 6-point reduction on the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory. In addition, significant reductions in agitation have been reported in two other randomized controlled trials (Cohen-Mansfield et al., 1997 and Cohen-Mansfield et al., 2007).

Patients in the study met the criteria below:

-   -   i. Male or female, 50 years of age or older at baseline, with         NINCDS-ADRDA defined possible or probable AD.     -   ii. Have been a nursing home resident for ≥4 weeks prior to         randomization, not bedridden and expected to remain in the         facility throughout the study.     -   iii. Have psychotic symptoms that developed after the diagnosis         of AD was established. These symptoms must include visual and/or         auditory hallucinations, and/or delusions.     -   iv. Patient must have actively experienced and verbally         communicated psychotic symptoms during the month prior to the         Screening visit (SV1) and weekly during the previous 2 weeks         prior to Baseline.     -   v. In the opinion of the investigator, the patient requires         treatment for their ADP symptoms as evidenced by, for example:         distress in the subject, excess disability not attributable to         factors other than psychosis, disruptive behavior, interference         with medical, nursing or rehabilitative care, and/or dangerous         to self or others.     -   vi. Symptoms must be severe enough at Screening (SV1) and at         Baseline to warrant treatment with an antipsychotic agent as         documented by Domains A and B of the NPI-NH, and defined as a         score of 4 or greater on either the Hallucinations         (Frequency×Severity) or Delusions (Frequency×Severity) scales OR         a total combined score of 6 or greater.     -   vii. Patients on acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) therapy         and/or memantine must be receiving stable doses for 3 months         prior to the Baseline visit and during the study.     -   viii. Female patients must be of non-childbearing potential         (defined as either surgically sterilized or at least 1 year         postmenopausal) or must agree to use a clinically acceptable         method of contraception (such as oral, intrauterine device [IUD;         diaphragm], injectable, transdermal or implantable         contraception), for at least one month prior to randomization,         during the study, and one month following completion of the         study.     -   ix. Willing and able to provide informed consent. If patient is         unable to provide written consent due to the severity of         dementia, consent must be given by a legally authorized         representative.     -   x. Subject and staff caregiver acting as informant are willing         and able to adequately communicate in English for the purposes         of the key endpoint assessments by raters.

The antipsychotic efficacy of the administration of pimavanserin to humans with ADP was determined by an improved patient score in the Delusions and Hallucinations subscale of Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Nursing Home Version (NPI-NH) (Delusions+Hallucinations domains A and B) and also by an improved change from Baseline to Day 43 in the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study—Clinical Global Impression of Change (ADCS-CGIC)

The antipsychotic efficacy of the administration of pimavanserin to humans with ADP was determined by an improved patient score in but not limited to (1) the Agitation/Aggression subscale of NPI-NH (Domain C); (2) Sleep/Nighttime Behavior sub scale of NPI-NH (Domain K); (3) Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory—Short Form (CMAI-SF) total score; (4) aggressive behavior subdomain score of CMAI-SF; (5) physically nonaggressive subdomain score of CMAI-SF; and (6) verbally aggressive subdomain score of CMAI-SF.

The antipsychotic efficacy of the administration of pimavanserin to humans with ADP was further determined by an improved patient score in but not limited to (1) NPI-NH total and all remaining individual behavioral domains; (2) Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study—Activities of Daily Living Instrument (ADCS-ADL) total score; (3) basic subdomain score of ADCS-ADL; and (4) instrumental subdomain score of ADCS-ADL.

The efficacy of the administration of pimavanserin to humans with agitated behavior and/or aggressive behavior can be determined by an improved patient score in, but not limited to, (1) the Agitation/Aggression subscale of NPI-NH (Domain C), (2) Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI or CMAI-SF) total score; (3) aggressive behavior subdomain score of CMAI or CMAI-SF; (4) physically nonaggressive subdomain score of CMAI or CMAI-SF; or (5) verbally aggressive subdomain score of CMAI or CMAI-SF.

The utilization of rescue medications for behavioral disturbance and sleep throughout the administration of pimavanserin was also evaluated to determine the antipsychotic effect. Furthermore, durability of response to pimavanserin in patients with ADP as measured by change from Day 43 to Day 85 of the administration of pimavanserin.

Patients were also evaluated based on cognitive status and cognitive impairment. Pimavanserin demonstrated efficacy on the primary endpoint with a 3.76 point improvement in psychosis at week 6 compared to a 1.93 point improvement for placebo, representing a statistically significant treatment improvement in the NPI-NH Psychosis score (combined hallucinations and delusions domains) (p=0.0451).

Baseline mean scores for the pimavanserin and placebo treated groups were 9.52 and 10.00, respectively.

Pimavanserin demonstrated an efficacy throughout the 12 week study.

Additionally pimavanserin did not impair cognition as measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score.

Additionally pimavanserin was well tolerated and the safety profile was acceptable.

The results of the study were obtained from a majority of the 181 patients, some of the patients were excluded from the endpoint results but all 181 patients were included in the safety assessment.

Summary of results: pimavanserin demonstrates antipsychotic efficacy as explained below, and hereinabove. In particular, the administration of pimavanserin effectively reduced the NPI-NH psychosis score in patients having a baseline NPI-NH psychosis score of 12 or greater (p=0.0114); the administration of pimavanserin effectively reduced the NPI-NH psychosis score in patients having a baseline of NPI-NH Agitation/Aggression score of 6 or greater (p=0.001); the administration of pimavanserin effectively reduced the NPI-NH psychosis score in patients having a baseline NPI-NH psychosis score of 12 or greater and having a baseline NPI-NH Agitation/Aggression score of 6 or greater (p=0.0010). The administration of pimavanserin also effectively reduced the NPI-NH psychosis score in patients who had prior anti-psychotic use.

Table 2 summarizes the changes of the NPI-NH psychosis score at day 43 compared to the baseline NPI-NH psychosis score for patients in both the pimavanserin group and the placebo group. The delta values (Table 2, column 4) are the differences between the placebo group and pimavanserin group in changes of the patients' NPI-NH psychosis score from the baseline score (at day 0) to day 43 for patients in different subgroups identified respectively. The negative numbers of NPI-NH psychosis scores represent lower NPI-NH psychosis score on day 43 than the baseline score (day 0). Thus, the negative number of NPI-NH psychosis scores represent improvement in the NPI-NH psychosis score.

The pimavanserin arm of the study demonstrated a 4.43 point improvement in psychosis at day 43 for patients having a baseline NPI-NH Psychosis score of 12 or greater (p-value=0.0114; Table 2, row 3), compared to the improvement of 0.42 in patients having a baseline NPI-NH psychosis score of less than 12 (p-value=NS; Table 2, row 2). The results represent a significant (p<0.05) difference of 4.43 points on the Psychosis subscale (sum of scores of Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH. The mean NPI-NH Psychosis score for the pimavanserin arm of patients having a baseline NPI-NH Psychosis score of 12 or greater was reduced by 66.3% from the baseline score of 15.30 to 5.15 at day 43.

The pimavanserin arm of the study also demonstrated a 4.41 point improvement in psychosis at day 43 for patients having a baseline NPI-NH Agitation/Aggression score of 6 or greater (p-value=0.0010; Table 2, row 4), compared to the aggravating of 0.42 in patients having a baseline NPI-NH Agitation/Aggression score of less than 6 (p-value=NS; Table 2, row 5). The results represent a significant (p<0.05) treatment difference of 4.41 points on the Agitation/Aggression subscale (Domains C) of the NPI-NH.

In addition, the pimavanserin arm of the study also demonstrated a 1.13 points improvement on the Agitation/Aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH (vs. an improvement of 0.47 in the placebo arm).

Moreover, the pimavanserin arm demonstrated an improvement of 7.18 in psychosis at day 43 for patients having a baseline NPI-NH Psychosis score of 12 or greater as well as a baseline Agitation/Aggression score of 6 or greater (p-value=0.0010; Table 2, row 6).

Furthermore, the pimavanserin arm of the study also demonstrated a 6.53 point improvement in psychosis at day 43 for patients that had anti-psychotic use prior to the baseline measurement on day 0 (p-value=NS; Table 2, row 7), compared the improvement in patients that had no anti-psychotic use prior to the baseline measurement on day 0 (p-value=0.0374; Table 2, row 8). The results represent an improvement of 6.53 points on the Agitation/Aggression subscale (Domains C) of the NPI-NH.

In addition, subgroup analysis showed that patients with a concomitant Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) use had a treatment effect larger than those with no concomitant SSRI use.

Pimavanserin was safe and well tolerated in this study. The most common adverse events were falls (23.1% in placebo arm vs. 23.3% in pimavanserin arm) and urinary tract infection (27.5% in placebo arm vs. 22.2% in pimavanserin arm). The study results showed no negative effect on cognitive function or motor functions in both placebo arm and pimavanserin arm.

TABLE 2 Change of NPI-NH Psychosis Score in Patients on Day 43. NPI-NH PSYCHOSIS Placebo Pimavanserin Effect SCORE at day 43 Group Group Delta Size P-Value Baseline NPI-NH −0.16 −0.58 −0.42 −0.077 NS Psychosis Score <12 (n = 57) Baseline NPI-NH −5.72 −10.15 −4.43 −0.734 0.0114 Psychosis score ≥12 (n = 121) Baseline Agitation/ −2.08 −1.40 0.68 0.122 NS Aggression Score <6* (n = 85) Baseline Agitation/ −1.68 −6.09 −4.41 −0.778 0.0010 Aggression Score ≥6* (n = 93) Baseline NPI-NH −3.75 −10.93 −7.18 −1.225 0.0010 Psychosis Score ≥12 & Agitation/ Aggression Score ≥6* (n = 38) Prior Anti-psychotic 5.01 −1.52 −6.53 −0.905 NS use (n = 16) No Prior −2.24 −4.15 −1.90 −0.351 0.0374 Anti-psychotic use (n = 162) *post-hoc analysis NS = not significant; n = number of patients in the identified subgroup.

The examples set forth above are provided to give those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use the claimed embodiments, and are not intended to limit the scope of what is disclosed herein. Modifications that are obvious to persons of skill in the art are intended to be within the scope of the following claims. All publications, patents, and patent applications cited in this specification are incorporated herein by reference as if each such publication, patent or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for the treatment of psychosis, or a symptom thereof, in a human with dementia comprising administering pimavanserin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to the human, wherein the human: has a baseline score of 6 or greater in the Psychosis sub scale (Domains A and B) of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Nursing Home Version (NPI-NH); or has a baseline score of 4 or greater in the Agitation/Aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH; or has a baseline score of 4 or greater on either the Delusions domain (Domain A) or the Hallucinations domain (Domain B) of the NPI-NH.
 2. A method for the treatment of delusions and/or hallucinations in a human with dementia comprising administering pimavanserin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to the human, wherein the human: has a baseline score of 6 or greater in the Psychosis sub scale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH; or has a baseline score of 4 or greater in the Agitation/Aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH; or has a baseline score of 4 or greater on either the Delusions domain (Domain A) or the Hallucinations domain (Domain B) of the NPI-NH.
 3. A method for reducing agitated behavior and/or aggressive behavior in a human with dementia comprising administering pimavanserin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to the human.
 4. A method for reducing agitated behavior and/or aggressive behavior in a human with dementia comprising administering pimavanserin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to the human, wherein the human: has a baseline score of 6 or greater in the Psychosis sub scale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH; or has a baseline score of 4 or greater in the Agitation/Aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH; or has a baseline score of 4 or greater on either the Delusions domain (Domain A) or the Hallucinations domain (Domain B) of the NPI-NH.
 5. The method of claim 3 or 4, wherein the agitated behavior and/or aggressive behavior are physical or non-physical.
 6. The method of claim 3 or 4, wherein the agitated behavior and/or aggressive behavior are verbally agitated behavior and/or verbally aggressive behavior.
 7. The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the human has a baseline score of 12 or greater in the Psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH; or has a baseline score of 6 or greater in the Agitation/Aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH.
 8. A method for reducing NPI-NH score in a human with dementia comprising administering pimavanserin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to the human, wherein the human: has a baseline score of 12 or greater in the Psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH; or has a baseline score of 6 or greater in the Agitation/Aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH.
 9. The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the human has a baseline score of 12 or greater in the Psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH.
 10. The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the human has a baseline score of 6 or greater in the Agitation/Aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH.
 11. The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the patient has a baseline score of 12 or greater in the Psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH and has a baseline score of 6 or greater in the Agitation/Aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH.
 12. The method of any one of claims 1-9 and 11, wherein the Psychosis subscale of the NPI-NH is a combination of Delusions (Domain A) and Hallucinations (Domain B) of the NPI-NH.
 13. The method of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the effect of the treatment is determined by an improved patient score in the NPI-NH.
 14. The method of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the effect of the treatment is determined by an improved patient score in the NPI-NH of at least 2, at least 3 or at least 4 points as compared to baseline score prior to administering pimavanserin.
 15. The method of any one of claims 1-14, wherein the effect is determined by an improved patient score at least about 6 weeks from the initial administration of pimavanserin.
 16. The method of any one of claims 1-15, wherein the effect is determined by an improved patient score about 6 weeks from the initial administration of pimavanserin.
 17. The method of any one of claim 1-16, wherein the p-value of the improvement is between 0.0001 and 0.05.
 18. The method of any one of claims 1-17, wherein a tartrate salt of pimavanserin is administered to the human.
 19. The method of any one of claims 1-18, wherein a tartrate salt of pimavanserin is administered to the human orally.
 20. The method of any one of claims 1-18, wherein a tartrate salt of pimavanserin is formulated for oral administration.
 21. The method of any one of claims 1-20, wherein the tartrate salt of pimavanserin in an amount of about 0.001 mg to about 100 mg is administered to the patient.
 22. The method of any one of claims 1-21, wherein pimavanserin in an amount of about 10 mg, 17 mg, 20 mg or 34 mg is administered to the patient.
 23. The method of any one of claims 1-21, wherein pimavanserin in an amount of about 34 mg is administered to the patient.
 24. The method of any one of claims 1-21, wherein pimavanserin in an amount of about 20 mg is administered to the patient.
 25. The method of any one of claims 1-24, wherein a tartrate salt of pimavanserin is administered once, twice, or three times daily.
 26. The method of any one of claims 1-25, wherein pimavanserin is administered during concomitant administration of an anti-Alzheimer's agent.
 27. The method of any one of claims 1-25, wherein the anti-Alzheimer's agent is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.
 28. The method of any one of claims 1-25, wherein the anti-Alzheimer's agent is selected from the group consisting of memantine, rivastigmine, tacrine, donepezil, verubecestat and galantamine.
 29. The method of any one of claims 1-28, wherein the cognitive status of the human is not impaired.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the cognitive status is determined by the Mini-Mental State Examiner (MMSE) score.
 31. The method of any one of claims 1-9 and 11-30, further comprising: Determining an baseline score on the NPI-NH for a human; and Identifying a human with a score of 12 or greater in the Psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH prior to administering pimavanserin to the human.
 32. The method of any one of claims 1-8 and 10-30, further comprising: Determining an baseline score on the NPI-NH for a human; and Identifying a human with a score of 6 or greater in the Agitation/Aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH prior to administering pimavanserin to the human.
 33. A method for treating psychosis (e.g. hallucinations and/or delusions), or a symptom thereof, in a human with dementia comprising coadministering to the human pimavanserin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI), wherein the human: has a baseline score of 6 or greater in the Psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Nursing Home Version (NPI-NH); or has a baseline score of 4 or greater in the Agitation/Aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH.
 34. A method for reducing agitated behavior and/or aggressive behavior in a human with dementia, comprising coadministering to the human pimavanserin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) to the human, wherein the human: has a baseline score of 6 or greater in the Psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH; or has a baseline score of 4 or greater in the Agitation/Aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH; or has a baseline score of 4 or greater on either the Delusions domain (Domain A) or the Hallucinations domain (Domain B) of the NPI-NH.
 35. A method for reducing verbally agitated behavior and/or verbally aggressive behavior in a human with dementia comprising coadministering to the human pimavanserin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) to the human, wherein the human: has a baseline score of 6 or greater in the Psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH; or has a baseline score of 4 or greater in the Agitation/Aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH.
 36. The method in any one of claims 33-35, wherein the human has a baseline score of 12 or greater in the Psychosis subscale (Domains A and B) of the NPI-NH; or has a baseline score of 6 or greater in the Agitation/Aggression subscale (Domain C) of the NPI-NH
 37. The methods of any one of claims 1-36, wherein the human is a human diagnosed with Parkinson's Disease or Alzheimer's Disease. 